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【市場(chǎng)部】    楊永漢

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衣原體（Chlamydia）很小，直徑200-500納米，能通過(guò)細(xì)菌濾膜。立克次氏體（Rickettsia）略大，大多不能通過(guò)濾菌膜。它們都有DNA和RNA，有革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌特征的含肽聚糖的細(xì)胞壁，但酶系統(tǒng)不*，必須在寄主細(xì)胞內(nèi)生活，有攝能寄生物（energe parasite）之稱(chēng)。
砂眼是衣原體引起的，由于能形成包含體，起初被認(rèn)為是大型病毒，1956年，中國(guó)有名微生物學(xué)家湯飛凡及其助手張曉樓等人*分離到沙眼的病原體。
衣原體生活史特殊，具有感染力的個(gè)體稱(chēng)為原體（elementory body），體積小，有堅(jiān)韌的細(xì)胞壁。在宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)，原體逐漸伸長(zhǎng)，形成無(wú)感染力的個(gè)體，稱(chēng)作始體（initial body），是一種薄壁的球狀細(xì)胞，體積較大，通過(guò)二等分裂的方式在宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)形成一個(gè)微菌落，隨后大量的子細(xì)胞有分化為具有感染能力的原體。
立克次氏體也是專(zhuān)性細(xì)胞內(nèi)寄生的，主要寄生于節(jié)肢動(dòng)物，有的會(huì)通過(guò)蚤、虱、蜱、螨傳入人體、如斑疹傷寒、戰(zhàn)壕熱。
美國(guó)醫(yī)生H.T.Richetts 1909年*發(fā)現(xiàn)它是落基山斑疹傷寒的病原體，并于1910年?duì)奚诖瞬?，故后人稱(chēng)這類(lèi)病原體為立克次氏體。與衣原體的不同處在于其細(xì)胞較大，無(wú)濾過(guò)性，合成能力較強(qiáng)，且不形成包涵體。原核生物即廣義的細(xì)菌，指一大類(lèi)細(xì)胞核無(wú)核膜包裹，只存在稱(chēng)做核區(qū)的裸露DNA的原始單細(xì)胞生物，包括真細(xì)菌和古生菌兩大類(lèi)群，但由于古生菌又具有許多真核生物的特征，明顯區(qū)別于細(xì)菌，因此不將古生菌列入其中，而將其拿出來(lái)單獨(dú)描述。具體根據(jù)外表特征等方面可以把原核生物分為狹義的細(xì)菌、藍(lán)細(xì)菌、放線菌、支原體、衣原體、螺旋體和立克次氏體七大類(lèi)。[2] 
與真核生物的種類(lèi)相比，已發(fā)現(xiàn)的原核生物種類(lèi)雖不甚多，但其生態(tài)分布卻極其廣泛，生理性能也極其龐雜。有的種類(lèi)能在飽和的鹽溶液中生活；有的卻能在蒸餾水中生存；有的能在0℃下繁殖；有的卻以70℃為zui適溫度；有的是*的無(wú)機(jī)化能營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌，以二氧化碳為*碳源；有的卻只能在活細(xì)胞內(nèi)生雖然它不*、雖然它簡(jiǎn)單，但是能在這個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)久地活下去都會(huì)擁有自己的專(zhuān)屬技能——原核生物的多樣性。

Chlamydia is very small, 200-500 nm in diameter, and can pass through bacterial filters. Rickettsia is slightly larger and mostly can not pass through the filter membrane. They all have DNA and RNA, and have peptidoglycan-containing cell walls characterized by Gram-negative bacteria. However, the enzyme system is incomplete and must live in the host cell with the name energe parasite.
Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia. Due to its ability to form inclusion bodies, it was originally considered as a large virus. In 1956, the famous Chinese microbiologist Tang Feifan and his assistant Zhang Xiaolou were the first to isolate the pathogen of trachoma.
Chlamydia special life history, infectious individuals known as the body (elementory body), small, tough cell walls. In host cells, protoplasts progressively expand to form non-infectious individuals, called initial bodies, which are thin-walled globular cells that are bulky and divide within the host cell by a second division Form a micro-colony, then a large number of daughter cells have the ability to differentiate into the original body.
Rickettsia is also a specialized intracellular parasitism, mainly parasitic on arthropods, some through fleas, lice, ticks, mites into the body, such as typhus, trencher fever.
American physician H.T. Richetts first discovered in 1909 that it was the causative agent of the typhus in Rocky Mountain and died of the disease in 1910. Therefore, it is later described as rickettsia. Chlamydia and the difference lies in its larger cells, no filtration, synthesis ability, and does not form inclusion bodies. Prokaryotes that broadly defined bacteria, refers to a large group of nuclear-free nuclear envelope, there is only the nuclear DNA known as the original unicellular organisms, including eubacteria and archaea, two groups, but because of archaebacteria also have Many of the features of eukaryotes are clearly distinguishable from bacteria, so they are not included but are described separay. According to the appearance of the specific aspects of the prokaryotes can be divided into narrow bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes and rickettsia seven categories. [2] 
Compared with the types of eukaryotes, although the types of prokaryotes have not been found much, their ecological distribution is extremely wide and their physiological properties are extremely complicated. Some species can live in saturated salt solution; some can survive in distilled water; some can reproduce at 0 ℃; others are at 70 ℃ for the optimum temperature; some are compley inorganic nutrients, Carbon dioxide is the sole source of carbon; some are endogenous to living cells. Although it is not complete, it is simple, but its ability to survive long in a highly competitive environment has its own proprietary skills - prokaryotic Diversity